MacMillan's 10-Step Neurodiverse Family Systems Approach:
A Comprehensive Framework
to support neurodivergents and their families throughout adulthood.
R.E.A.L. Neurodiverse Programs For Professionals
WHAT:
Anne MacMillan's cutting-edge R.E.A.L. Neurodiverse Family Systems Theory synthesizes research from renowned neuroscientists, psychologists, and developmental theorists into a practical 10-step approach that recognizes the wholeness of all neurodivergents. Our program provides the education, assessments, and resources necessary for your clients to take action, build skills, face challenges, and make informed decisions that promote happiness and connection. Level 1 autism in adults significantly impacts social relationships, and close family relationships and intimate life partnerships are among the most intense and important of all social relationships in life.
Today, more than ever before, neurodivergents and their family members are discovering their own neurodiversity and are seeking professional support so they can find the happiness they deserve. Over the last few decades, awareness of Level 1 autism in children exploded. Only now is the world coming to an awareness of the prevalence of Level 1 autism in adults. R.E.A.L. Neurodiverse supports adults.
Everything you need to support your clients is packaged together conveniently on the UnitusTI cloud-based platform: training, credentialing, client programming, quantitative assessments, support resources and more.
Anne MacMillan, MLA
Author of the 10-Step Neurodiverse Family Systems Approach, Speaker, Researcher, Consultant, Coach, Educator and Expert Witness
WHO:
Our comprehensive 10-step method is designed for use by psychologists, therapists, social workers, counselors, teachers, coaches, consultants, clergy, domestic violence workers, victim advocates and more.
Our credential will be awarded to individuals who have at least one of the following:
A minimum of a bachelor's degree from an accredited institution in a related field: psychology, social work, education, special education, human development, family studies, divinity, domestic violence, etc.
A post-baccalaureate or post-master's certificate from an accredited institution in a related field.
A minimum of a bachelor's degree in an unrelated field from an accredited institution AND at least 10 years of personal life experience with Level 1 autism in adulthood, either as an autistic or as a close family member or intimate life partner of an autistic. (10+ years of close friendship with Level 1 autistic adults is insufficient to meet this requirement.)
WHY:
Neurodiverse families are commonly made up of autistic, attention neurodivergent (ADHD), and other neurodivergent family members. The different brains' different ways of perceiving and navigating the social world affect family social interactions, eliciting difficulties and distress that commonly lead to trauma and isolation.
In the mid-20th century, before neurodivergence in adults was understood or recognized, psychologists began defining mental disorders that required treatment. Many neurodivergents, completely unaware that their brains were different, were unjustly labeled as "disordered" or "broken." These labels disempowered neurodivergents and treatments that didn't recognize brain differences offered little relevant support.
The high prevalence of autism in children was discovered in the early years of the 21st century. Today, we are finally recognizing multiple neurodivergencies in adulthood. These adults aren't "broken." They don't need "treatment" for "disorders." They need to understand the nuances of brain differences and have access to resources that will help them leverage their strengths and build skills to address their challenges.
The R.E.A.L. Neurodiverse programs offer solutions: solutions that work.
R.E.A.L. Neurodiverse
Resources & Education Across the Lifespan
HOW:
The R.E.A.L. Neurodiverse program leverages Anne MacMillan's comprehensive Neurodiverse Family Systems Theory and offers an easy-to-follow 10-step educational approach, punctuated by assessments and resources that support individuals in building skills and taking actions to improve quality of life and increase happiness.
All programming is conveniently housed in the UnitusTI cloud-based platform, offering clinics an easy way to manage training, credentialing, and data collection and storage.
Neurodiverse family members are confused as to why their different brains are eliciting so much relationship conflict and trauma. MacMillan provides answers that work. She defines empathy differences, Neurodiverse Relationship Dynamics (NRD), and explains how trauma happens in neurodiverse families. She offers descriptions of 14 roles common to neurodiverse families, as well as resources to help individuals sort through the functions those roles play in their own lives and their family systems. She explains 5 cycles common to neurodiverse family systems and their associations with trauma and abuse. Finally, MacMillan shares her two complementary models of psychosocial development, one for autistics and one for non-autistics.
The R.E.A.L. Neurodiverse Family Systems Approach builds on the research and theories of giants like Vittorio Gallese, Erik Erickson, Diana Baumrind, Jean Piaget, and Mihalyi Csikszentmihalyi. Learners can follow links to multiple relevant research articles throughout the programming.
About Anne MacMillan:
I built my original Neurodiverse Family Systems Theory on my education, personal life experience, and the professional experience I gained in the private neurodiverse services practice I founded in 2017.
Today, my services extend to support other professionals who have come to the new realization that neurodiversity is at the heart of many of the relationship challenges their adult clients face. Professionals can earn my Neurodiverse Family Systems Educator Credential (NFS-E) then use my practical 10-Step educational system, including quantitative assessments and support resources, to help their clients comprehend their relationship challenges and find the happiness and peace they deserve.
I have a research-based master's in psychology from Harvard University and studied developmental psychology as an undergrad. I received the Director's Thesis Award at Harvard for my original research on Level 1 autism and intimate life partnerships -- some of the first quantitative research on the subject in the world.
Altogether, I have over 50 years of personal life experience with neurodiverse family systems, over 20 years of personal life experience with neurodiverse intimate life partnerships, and 8 years of professional experience working with individuals managing the challenges of neurodiverse family systems.
I self-identify as a high body empathetic neurodivergent who just might also be a bit attention neurodivergent (ADHD). I am not autistic.
Anne MacMillan, MLA
Author of the R.E.A.L. 10-Step Neurodiverse Family Systems Approach, Speaker, Researcher, Consultant, Coach, Educator and Expert Witness
Recent Blog Posts
Anne MacMillan's 10-Step Neurodiverse Family Systems Approach: A Framework for Supporting Level 1 Autistic Adults and their Neurodivergent and Neurotypical Family Members
Anne MacMillan's R.E.A.L. 10-Step Neurodiverse Family Systems Approach supports Level 1 autistic adults and their neurodivergent and neurotypical family members as they seek to comprehend the conflict they are experiencing in their interpersonal relationships and then work towards practical solutions that will improve their quality of life. Her approach is sequential and structured yet offers the flexibility required when working with a wide spectrum of neurodivergent and neurotypical individuals having many different unique strengths and challenges.
Step 1: Accept Wholeness and Maintain a Future Orientation
MacMillan begins with a commitment to viewing both yourself and your family members as whole, capable individuals. This step emphasizes the importance of maintaining a forward-looking perspective, focusing on skill-building and actionable steps that pave the way for positive change.
Step 2: Identify and Comprehend Your Own Neurology
Comprehending one's own neurology and its associated strengths and challenges lays a foundation for understanding the self, one's own perception of the world, as well as one's own actions and experiences within a neurodiverse family system. Individuals are encouraged prioritize understanding their own neurology over their family members' neurologies and to respect and appreciate the self and one's own neurologically-based subjective experiences.
Step 3: Identify and Comprehend Your Family Members' Neurologies
The differences between Level 1 autism, attention neurodivergence (ADHD), high body empathy neurodivergence and neurotypical neurologies are not simple. Through understanding specifically how one's own neurology differs from one's family members' neurologies and what it means when one individual is of more than one neurology (e.g. autistic and attention neurodivergent), individuals can better understand their own experiences and the experiences and perspectives of their loved ones. This increased insight acts as a foundation for finding solutions, taking action and making positive change to improve relationships and quality of life. This step fosters mutual understanding and helps in recognizing the different ways each family member perceives and interacts with the social world.
Step 4: Understand Empathy Differences
MacMillan defines non-autistic body empathy and autistic emotion-sharing empathy as well as 5 distinct empathy spectrums that all individuals, regardless of neurology fall onto: 1) the empathic-emotion intensity spectrum, 2) the emotion-origin awareness spectrum, 3) the embodied simulation spectrum, 4) the interoception spectrum, and 5) the theory of mind spectrum (MacMillan, 2025). She offers quantitative assessments to support individuals as they understand where they and their loved ones fit on these five spectrums (MacMillan, 2025).
Step 5: Accept That Both Autistics and Non-Autistics Can Engage in Harmful Narcissistic Behaviors
This step challenges individuals to recognize that both non-autistics and autistics are capable of engaging in narcissistic behaviors that harm their loved ones. The notion that all individuals of any particular neurology are generally innocent or harmless only prevents individuals and families from addressing the reality that, in many cases, they are experiencing narcissistic behaviors within their neurodiverse family systems. Individuals are asked to acknowledge that excusing adult narcissistic behaviors due to individual neurology does not help families move to healthier interaction styles.
The importance of understanding psychology in terms of spectrums or dimensions rather than "types" is addressed (Coolidge and Segal, 1998; M-A. Crocq, 2013) and the history of "Narcissistic Personality Disorder" and its associated and outdated subclinical types (grandiose and vulnerable) is investigated (Miller et. al, 2017). The association between Level 1 autistic adults and all the personality disorders and, specifically, the subclinical type of vulnerable narcissism (Broglia et al., 2023) are acknowledged and addressed, even as individuals are simultaneously encouraged to discard the use of personality types and all "disorders" when working with neurodiversity.
As it is common for autistics and non-autistics to perceive the world so differently that they are unable to agree on the root cause of much of their conflict, individuals are encouraged to evaluate observable behaviors rather than incentives are cognitive mechanisms and to decide if the behaviors are narcissistic or not. Alongside a quantitive narcissistic behavior assessment, a quantitative self-respect assessment is offered to support individuals in coming to an awareness of whether or not they have a tendency to allow members of their families to behave narcissistically towards them.
Abuse should not be tolerated regardless of the neurology of the abuser and the reality that both autistics and non-autistics can be offenders or victims is acknowledged.
Step 6: Learn About Neurodiverse Relationship Dynamics (NRD)
Neurodiverse relationships have distinct dynamics that differ from neurotypical relationships. MacMillan defines Neurodiverse Relationship Dynamics (NRD) as including differences in psychological functioning, difficulties with relationship functioning within distinct and specific social situations that affect relationship dynamics differently (MacMillan 2025).
Psychological functioning differences include attachment differences, boundary differences, identity formation differences, and intimacy differences (MacMillan, 2025).
Relationship functioning difficulties addressed included problem solving difficulties, action impact understanding differences, and difficulties associated with passiveness, assertiveness and aggression (MacMillan, 2025).
The varying impact of neurodiversity on different social situations is addressed. Adult friendships are distinguished from family relationships, and parent-child relationships are distinguished from intimate life partnerships. The impact of autism on flirting and courtship as well as sex is acknowledged and addressed (MacMillan, 2025).
Step 7: Comprehend the Role That Trauma Plays in Your Life
Multigenerational trauma and regular intermittent trauma spikes play a significant role in most neurodiverse family systems. Residual trauma can build up in the nervous system causing difficulties over time (MacMillan, 2025). Autistics may have more difficulties recovering from trauma than non-autistics (Peterson et al., 2019). Interoceptive abilities can aid trauma relief (Brewer et al., 2016; Reinhardt et al., 2020) and the fact that many autistics likely have lower levels of interoceptive perception than autistics means that autistics require different trauma support than non-autistics (MacMillan, 2025).
A specific form of long term low grade trauma experienced experienced only by non-autistics called body empathy non-reciprocation trauma (MacMillan, 2025) is defined and addressed.
Several quantitative trauma scales are offered to support professionals and clients in better comprehending the role trauma plays in individuals' lives.
Step 8: Identify and Comprehend Individuals’ Roles and Functions in Your Neurodiverse Family System
It is common for individual members of neurodiverse family systems to take upon roles that play both individual and systemic functions within their family system. These roles tend to be more intractable than roles in neurotypical family systems because they are facilitated by the family members' neurologies. Over 15 common roles are named and defined and individuals are offered resources to support them in coming to greater awareness of the individual and systemic functions the roles are playing in their neurodiverse family systems so that they can make actionable decisions with more self-awareness and awareness of their family systems (MacMillan, 2025).
Step 9: Identify and Comprehend Interaction Cycles and Their Associated Intermittent Trauma Spikes
Individuals in neurodiverse family systems tend to cycle through periods of relative calm punctuated by intermittent trauma spikes that occur at the stress point in each cycle. These cycles are facilitated by Neurodiverse Relationship Dynamics (NRD) and, like the roles and their functions, are also fairly intractable. Four common cycles are defined and discussed allowing individuals to understand how these cycles are impacting them and offering them insight into methods they can use to slow the frequency and lessen the intensity of the resulting intermittent trauma spikes in an effort to find relief and improve quality of life (MacMillan, 2025).
Step 10: Consider Your Own Development
MacMillan's final step is reflective, encouraging individuals to consider their own personal development. MacMillan offers to complementary yet differing models of psychosocial development founded in Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development (1950, 1959, 1982). Her non-autistic spiral model and autistic staircase model draw on the findings of Diana Baumrind, Mihaly Csikszentimihalyi, and Jean Piaget.
Through understanding the impact of neurology on development and the differing ways autistics and non-autistics grow across the lifespan, all individuals, regardless of neurology, can work towards the psychosocial developmental milestones Erik Erikson offers and address psychological functioning differences (attachment, boundaries, identity, and intimacy (MacMillan, 2025).
By focusing on growth and self-improvement, individuals can contribute positively to their own development, their neurodiverse family dynamics and overall well-being and quality of life.
Conclusion
MacMillan's R.E.A.L. 10-Step Neurodiverse Family Systems Approach provides a comprehensive framework for understanding and improving one's own life and, whenever possible, one's neurodiverse family system. Professionals work with individuals rather than couples or family groups and emphasize that individual family members and neurodiverse family systems benefit when individuals focus on their own growth. Following these steps adds clarity and order to a situation that is often plagued by confusion, trauma and distress. The approach's educational elements support individuals in better understanding themselves and their neurodiverse family systems and its practical elements and quantitative assessments support action, decision making and positive life change.
MacMillan's 10-step approach not only addresses the challenges inherent in neurodiverse relationships but also empowers individuals to pursue the happiness and peace they deserve, regardless of neurology.
Resources for Further Exploration:
American Psychiatric Association. (n.d.). DSM 5's Integrated Approach to Diagnosis and Classifications (pdf).
Brewer, R., Cook, R., & Bird, G. (2016). Alexithymia: A general deficit of interoception. The Royal Society Open Science, 3(10). doi:10.1098/rsos.150664
Broglia, E., Nisticò, V., Di Paolo, B., Faggioli, R., Bertani, A., Gambini, O., & Demartini, B. (2023). Traits of narcissistic vulnerability in adults with autism spectrum disorders without Intellectual disabilities" Autism Research. doi:10.1002/aur.3065
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience (Amazon link). Harper Perennial. (Republished in 2008).
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014). Flow and the foundations of positive psychology (Amazon link). Springer.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014). Applications of flow in human development and education (Amazon link). Springer.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2015). The systems model of creativity (Amazon link). Springer.
Coolidge, F. L., & Segal, D. L. (1998). Evolution of personality disorder diagnosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 18(5), 585-599. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(98)00002-6
Crocq, M.-A. (2013). Milestones in the history of personality disorders. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 15(2), 147-153. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2013.15.2/macrocq
Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society (Amazon link). W.W. Norton & Company.
Erikson, E. H. (1959). Identity and the life cycle (Amazon link). W.W. Norton & Company.
Erikson, E. H. (1982). The life cycle completed.(Amazon link). W.W. Norton & Company. (Republished in 1993, 1994, 1998).
Kinnaird, E., Stewart, C., & Tchanturia, K. (2020). Investigating alexithymia in autism: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Psychiatry, 55, 80-98. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.09.004
MacMillan, A. (2025). Neurodiverse Family Systems: Theory and Practice. Available for pre-order.
Miller, J. D., Lynam, D. R., Hyatt, C. S., & Campbell, W. K. (2017). Controversies in narcissism (pdf). Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 13, 1.1-1.25. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045244
Peterson, J. L., Earl, R. K., Fox, E. A., Ma, R., Haidar, G., Pepper, M., Berliner, L., Wallace, A. S., & Bernier, R. A. (2019). Trauma and autism spectrum disorder: Review, proposed treatment adaptations and future directions. Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma, 12, 529-547. doi:10.1007/s40653-019-00253-5
Reinhardt, K. M., Zerubavel, N., Young, A. S., Gallo, M., Ramakrishnan, N., Henry, A., & Zucker, N. L. (2020). A multi-method assessment of interoception among sexual assault survivors. Physiology and Behavior, 226, 113108. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113108
Rinaldi, C., Attanasio, M., Valenti, M., Mazza, M., & Keller, R. (2021). Autism spectrum disorder and personality disorders: Comorbidity and differential diagnosis". World Journal of Psychiatry, 11(12), 1366-1386. doi:10.5498/wjp.v11.i12.1366
Skodol, A. E., Morey, L. C., Bender, D. S., & Oldham, J. M. (2015). The alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorders: A clinical application. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 172(7). doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.14101220
Anne MacMillan, MLA
Author of the R.E.A.L. 10-Step Neurodiverse Family Systems Approach Available on the UnitusTI Cloud
About MacMillan's Neurodiverse Family Systems Theory
Autistics and non-autistics perceive and navigate the social world differently. These differences create a phenomenon I term 'Neurodiverse Relationship Dynamics' (NRD).
Due to differences in neurological functioning, and at no fault of any family member, NRD contribute to perpetual cycles punctuated by emotional explosions called 'intermittent trauma spikes.'
Autistics and non-autistics also experience empathy differently, with autistics experiencing 'emotion-sharing empathy' and non-autistics experiencing 'body empathy.' Empathy differences as well as different levels of 'empathic-emotion intensity' and 'emotion-origin awareness' can contribute to the trauma experienced during intermittent trauma spikes.
Both non-autistics and autistics can engage in harmful narcissistic behaviors within neurodiverse family systems. Increasing awareness of NRD can support all family members in reducing the level of narcissistic behaviors and in responding to them appropriately.
Neurodiverse families are commonly made up of three primary types of neurodivergents: autistics, attention neurodivergents (ADHD), and high body empathetics. And, of course, sometimes other neurodivergents and true neurotypicals crop up in neurodiverse families as well. All members of neurodiverse families need and deserve support regardless of neurology.
The tendency for individuals to select intimate life partners that are familiar to them alongside the fact that neurodiversity has a genetic component means that individuals from neurodiverse families commonly have children with other individuals from neurodiverse families, passing neurodiversity from generation to generation and creating the phenomenon of neurotribes.
Individuals in neurodiverse families commonly take upon themselves particular roles associated with both individual and systemic functions within their neurodiverse family systems. These roles are facilitated by the different neurologies and are more intractable than roles in neurotypical families. Gaining awareness of the roles and their functions can support individuals in neurodiverse family systems as they make sense of the relationship confusion they are experiencing and then make decisions and take actions to improve their lives.
Most professional services are designed with neurotypicals from neurotypical families in mind, abandoning neurodivergents from neurodiverse families to inadequate supports that tend to be irrelevant to their actual family experience and the relationship challenges they face in their daily lives.
I believe the first step to overcoming all this confusion is to have a foundational understanding of empathy differences, Neurodiverse Relationship Dynamics (NRD), and the manner in which trauma and multigenerational behavioral patterns (facilitated by neurodiversity) affect neurodivergents within neurodiverse family systems.
My original Neurodiverse Family Systems Theory and my 10-Step Neurodiverse Family Systems Approach seek to fill this gap and to provide professionals and members of neurodiverse families the information they need so all individuals from neurodiverse families can find the happiness and peace they deserve.
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